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categorical data

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Crosstabs in SPSS: Percentages, Expected Counts, Residuals

November 9, 2026 by Mr Thinker

When you have two categorical variables and want to see how they relate, a crosstab is usually the first table you should build. It shows the counts in every combination of categories, and with a few extra options switched on, it also tells you whether the pattern you see is bigger than chance. This tutorial

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Blogs

How to Run and Interpret a Chi-Square Test of Independence in SPSS

October 22, 2026 by Mr Thinker

When do you need the chi-square test of independence? You have two categorical variables and one nagging question: are they related? Does beverage preference differ between men and women? Is smoking status associated with education level? Is defect type linked to the factory shift that produced it? Whenever both variables are categories — not numbers,

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